They have given a new shape and color to English literature in the same way as the Australians and Americans have evolved their own literature in their respective countries. Narayan has gained mastery of the art of portraying characters and nuances of the English language. Vikram Chandra is another author who shuffles between India and the United States and has received critical acclaim for his first novel Red Earth and Pouring Rain (1995) and collection of short stories Love and Longing in Bombay (1997). Thus, it was aptly noted by William Walsh regarding the afore mentioned writers: Distinguished not only for their own work but as the inaugurators of the form itself since it was they who defined the area in which the Indian novel in English was to operate, drew the first models of its characters and themes and elaborated its particular logic. Do you have a 2:1 degree or higher? Indian Writing in English: Author: K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar: Edition: 2: Publisher: Asia Publishing House, 1962: Original from: the University of Michigan: Digitized: Jan 3, 2007: Length: 440 pages : Export Citation: BiBTeX EndNote RefMan The non-fictional body of prose-works, consisting of letters, diaries, political manifesto, articles, speeches, philosophical works etc. Some Inner Fury (1955) and Possession (1963) and The Golden Honey Comb (1977) are her popular novels, wherein she gives a clear and economical account of the life style of the peasants, the middle classes and the aristocracy and also focuses on the conflicting East – West relations. It tells of a king who lives behind an iron curtain while his subjects have cruelty and death delivered upon them at the slightest pretext. Vikram Seth is also a prolific poet. East – West conflict, multi – culturalism, social realism, gender issues, comic aspect of human nature, ecological concerns, magic realism, diasporic writings and the like became the themes of the post – Independent writers. Literary Theory 6. Some of his novels deal with the modern problems of our society and the interest in them centers round the psychological development of characters under the compelling stress of circumstances. Most of these female novelists are known for their bold views that are reflected in their novels. Thus, when a woman comes to write a novel, she will find that she is perpetually wishing to alter the established values – to make serious what appears insignificant to a man, and trivial what is to him important. In modern time, it is guarded by a number of writers who are getting awards and accolades all over the world. These rich contributions have widened the spectrum of issues deliberated in the novel. It again led to the women’s literature. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! Nayantara Saghal (1927) is another popular woman novelist who dominated the Post – Independence scenario of an Indian novel in English. In his book, Amit Chaudhuri questions – "Can it be true that Indian writing, that endlessly rich, complex and problematic entity, is to be represented by a handful of writers who write in English, who live in England or America and whom one might have met at a party?". Bhabani Bhattacharya (1906-1988) is one of the novelists of the older generation of Indo – Anglian writers. Partition Literature 11. While this literature continues to reflect Indian culture, tradition, social values and even Indian history through the depiction of life in India and Indians living elsewhere, recent Indian English fiction has been trying to give expression to the Indian experience of the modern predicaments. New Delhi, Authorspress, 2014. $52.12: $60.51: Paperback "Please retry" $75.00 . The treatment and technique of the novel is Trans-national and Trans – continental. The concern of the new poets became their relationship to and … During 1990’s India became a popular literary nation as a number of women authors made their debut in this era. India has a number of novelists who write in English. English literature in India is also linked with the works of writers of the Indian diaspora born in India but residing elsewhere. Rohinton Mistry is an India born Canadian author who is a Neustadt International Prize for Literature laureate (2012). Indian Writing in English: An Introduction. In the past, the work by the Indian women authors has always been undervalued because of some patriarchal assumptions. He is a novelist and Short – Story writer. P. Lal (1929–2010), a poet, translator, publisher and essayist, founded a press in the 1950s for Indian English writing, Writers Workshop. After the trio of Raja Rao, R K Narayan and Mulk Raj Anand in the middle of the twentieth century, we have a multitude of writers both men and women from different walks of life on various themes. He analysis modern India from a different perspective and elevates Hindu orthodoxy to a grand metaphysic. History of Indian English literature enlightens readers that the first book written by any Indian in English was by Sake Dean Mahomet, titled Travels of Dean Mahomet; Mahomet's travel treatise was published in 1793 in England. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Unlike the past, where the works of women novelists were given less priority and were actually undervalued, classification of feministic or male writings hardly makes any sense today. Small but kaleidoscopic, India’s tradition of Francophone writing began with Toru Dutt (1856-1877), who wrote two smoldering novels, in addition to books of poetry in English. Naidu's poems are deliberately grounded in an anti - intellectual aesthetics of ephemeral beauty. This has been achieved by novelists who sought to prove their inner creative urges in English language, which is indeed an alien tongue for them. View Indian Writing in English Research Papers on Academia.edu for free. Though match making is the novel’s theme, the major attraction of the novel is the depiction of social panorama of India which encompasses cultural arena, politics in academics circles and the like also form an integral part of the novel. Feminism themes have also been used by authors like Nayantara Sahgal and Rama Mehta. Women novelists have played a crucial and momentous role in enhancing the quality and quantity of the Indian English Fiction. The play follows the heroine Nandini, who leads the people and finally the king himself towards the destruction of this artifact of subjugation. It is the language of our intellectual make-up – like Sanskrit or Persian was before – but not of our emotional make-up. The views of Salman Rushdie and Amit Chaudhuri expressed through their books The Vintage Book of Indian Writing and The Picador Book of Modern Indian Literature respectively essentialise this battle. Narayan's evocation of small town life and its experiences through the eyes of the endearing child protagonist Swaminathan in Swami and Friends is a good sample of his writing style. Vikram Seth, author of The Golden Gate (1986) and A Suitable Boy (1994) is a writer who uses a purer English and more realistic themes. Her works are a realistic delineation of the double pulls that the Indian women is subjected to, between her desire to assert herself as an individual and her duty in the capacity of a daughter, wife and mother. Her fiction deals with India's elite responding to the crises engendered by political change. His most recent book Brahmaputra and Beyond : Linking Assam to the World(2015) made a conscious effort to connect to a world divided by racial, geographic, linguistic, cultural and political prejudices. English has acquired a rare privilege and popularity in India especially among the elite and the middle classes. Naipaul evokes ideas of homeland, rootlessness and his own personal feelings towards India in many of his books. People are forced to work in the mines so that the kleptocratic king and his cronies may render themselves even wealthier. Indian women writers explore the feminine subjectivity and apply the theme that ranges from childhood to complete womanhood. The stories and novels of Ratan Lal Basu reflect the conditions of tribal people and hill people of West Bengal and the adjacent states of Sikkim, Bhutan and Nepal. Similar to the way Thomas Hardy used Wessex, Narayan created the fictitious town of Malgudi where he set his novels. Her award-winning book is set in the immensely physical landscape of Kerala. He used a hybrid language – English generously peppered with Indian terms – to convey a theme that could be seen as representing the vast canvas of India. No plagiarism, guaranteed! His novel Oraon and the Divine Tree is the story of a tribal and his love for an age old tree. The arrival of his best novel Midnight Children(1981) shook the very foundation of the complacency of the Indian English Fiction. Therefore, there was a flourish of novels in both regional and as well as in the national stream. Indian English literature refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India. His novels amuse, perplex and bring out the real literary pleasures. Indian English is speech or writing in English that shows the influence of the languages and culture of India. In Coolie(1936 ), he presents a poverty-stricken protagonist, Munoo who portrays the hollowness of the society and the curse faced by the proletariat. The great proliferation of the Indian English novel also owes its credit to the sudden increase of interest in the new literature of post colonial nations by the west. Incredible imagination, amazing comic sense and absolute word – play are the hallmarks of Rushdie’s works. Tagore’s plays also are important to Bengali literature. A Suitable Boy(1993), by Vikram seth was the cynosure of all eyes on its publication. She dealt with issues concerning women that later became major issues in the feminist movement launched in the sixties. Inexhaustible. Midnight’s Children(1981), the novel has three parts and based on the crucial role by history in the narrative, it can be categorized as the growth of the characters during pre – Independence, partition and post – Independence. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay (1838–1894) wrote Rajmohan's Wife and published it in 1864; it is the first Indian novel written in English. His creative genius is so much accounting and his literary output is so much rich and varied that the phrase ‘myriad – minded’, which Mathew Arnold had used for Shakespeare, can aptly be used for him also. The Journal of Commonwealth Literature 1968 3: 1, 3-15 Download Citation. This is particularly true of life in the country side, the seaside, the hillside where life has, perhaps, changed very little indeed during the last two thousand years. With delicate sensitivity, she exposes the prejudices women face in the male-dominated society. Tagore wrote his first original dramatic piece when he was twenty – Valmiki Pratibha (1881) and stated that his works sought to articulate “the play of feeling and not of action.” Tagore’s dramas used more philosophical and allegorical themes. They describe the whole world of women with simply stunning frankness. Post – Independent India has been making quick strides in the field of science and technology. Science fiction and Detective Literature 8. We are all instinctively bilingual, many of us in our own language and in English. Thus the lucid description of the freedom struggle showcased images of the awakened Indians who sought to regain their freedom from the grueling and torturous regime of the Britishers. See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. [1] It is also associated, in some cases, with the works of members of the Indian diaspora who subsequently compose works in English. It is also remarkable that the theme and technique of novels in Indian literature during this period found based on social upset, poverty, untouchability, exploitation, social movement, political movement etc. Joseph, Margaret Paul. They are recognized for their originality, versatility and the indigenous flavor of the soil that they bring to their work. Many of his stories like Blue Are the Far Off Mountains, The First Rain and The Magic Marble glorify purity of love. It is the story of an intellectual Rama who is in quest of personal enlightment and seeks inspiration and revelation from eastern and western metaphysics. To his credit, there is a long list of poems and plays, both in Bengali and English which had made his place among the world’s greatest writers. Indian English Literature is an honest enterprise to demonstrate the ever rare gems of Indian Writing in English. It is frequently referred to as Indo-Anglian literature. The first book written by an Indian in English was The Travels of Dean Mahomet, a travel narrative by Sake Dean Mahomed, published in England in 1794. Indian English (IndE) is one of the oldest regional varieties of the English language . Both novels are: “a plea for downtrodden, the poor and the outcast, who face economic hardship and emotional humiliation in a rigid social structure”. Unarguably the best and foremost Indian writer in English, R.K. Narayan’s novels, and short stories are the reasons why common middle-class Indians developed an interest in English stories. An example of a Prakalpana work is Chandan's bilingual Cosmosphere 1 (2011). His co-authored book of poetry with British poet-novelist Tess Joyce, appropriately titled A Stanza of Sunlight on the Banks of Brahmaputra (1983), published from both India and Britain (2009), evokes the spirit of flowing nature of life. Urban life in India attracts the novelists by its excitement, perversions, sophistications and violent alternations between affluence and poverty, splendor and squalor; but the interior, the areas of obscurity and inaccessibility have their attractions too, and sometimes bring out the best in the creative novelist.(165). Swami and Friends (1935), The English Teacher (1945), Waiting for Mahatma (1955), The Guide (1958), The Sweet Vendor (1967. English is used by the Indian government for some communication as a supplement to Hindi, the country's "official language of the Union", enshrined in the Constitution. His first five novels are set against Indian social sense in the perspectives of world shaking historical events, whereas the sixth one has its setting both in India and America’s Hawaii Island and deals with the theme of spiritual quest. He throws that the novel must have a social purpose, his stories abound in social and historical realities, quite often bitter and gruesome, such as the Bengal Famine of 1943, the tragedies of freedom struggle and partition, and the evils of poverty, corruption, ignorance, superstition, exploitation, greed etc. She also points out how the socio-economic conditions affect the women most. He focuses a small village through which he explores the impact of the freedom movement on the villagers and also captures their roles in the struggle for Independence. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. "Indian Writing in English: Critical Insights." Now the seed has blossomed into an ever green tree, fragrant flowers and ripe fruits. Its early history began with the works of Henry Louis Vivian Derozio and Michael Madhusudan Dutt followed by Rabindranath Tagore and Sri Aurobindo. Key polar concepts bandied in this context are superficial/authentic, imitative/creative, shallow/deep, critical/uncritical, elitist/parochial and so on. In conformity with the first part, Mr. M. K. Naik 1 comments, "Indian Writing in English literature of the Gandhian age was inevitably influenced by these (the then political and social) epoch-making developments in Indian life." Untouchable(1935) targets the evil of casteism and brings to the surface the issue of segregation of people on the basis of their profession. During the last four decades this bilingual literary movement has included Richard Kostelanetz, John M. Bennett, Don Webb, Sheila Murphy and many others worldwide and their Indian counterparts. The renowned writer V. S. Naipaul, a third generation Indian from Trinidad and Tobago and a Nobel prize laureate, is a person who belongs to the world and usually not classified under IWE. Mahapatra, Jayanta & Sharma, Yuyutsu (ed.). India's experimental and avant garde counterculture is symbolized in the Prakalpana Movement. The joy of accomplishing the grandiose feat of obtaining Independence was abruptly marred by the horrendous and traumatic partition of 1947. Speaking of The Big Three, Walsh said: “It is these three writers who defined the area in which the Indian novel was to operate. Thus, it was assumed that their work would get more priority and acceptance in the society. English Literature. A host of contemporary post – colonial writers like Rushdie, Arundati Roy, Meena Alexander, Anita Nair and Jhumpa Lahiri have initiated the process of decolonizing the ‘Colonial English’ and using it as a medium to express Indian thoughts and sensibilities with a distinctive Indian style. There has been an admirable economic growth in India in recent times. Raja Rao’s Kanthapura(1938), K.S.Venkataramani’s Kandan, The Patriot (1934 ) and Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable(1935), Coolie (1936), The Sword and the Sickle(1942 ), revolved around the varying themes of the independence struggle. Me : Anything will do, show me some recent best sellers. The vividness in character portrayal is balanced by ironic humor, which is his characteristic style. Contemporary Indian Poetry.Columbus: Ohio State University Press,1990. Amitav Ghosh made his views on this very clear by refusing to accept the Eurasian Commonwealth Writers Prize for his book The Glass Palace in 2001 and withdrawing it from the subsequent stage. In its early stages, the narration was influenced by the Western art form of the 'novel'. Moreover the Indian English writers use it with enviable ease and gaining mastery of a foreign tongue to articulate the vagaries and vicissitudes of an individual’s consciousness in a realm of its own aptly substantiate the expansiveness and verve of the Indian English writer. Indian writing in English has commended unstinted admiration in both home and abroad, is now in its full swing. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! He also feels that Indianness is a theme constructed only in IWE and does not articulate itself in the vernacular literatures. Modern Indian Writing in English Translation 2. In Iyengar’s words; As the years passed, he became more and more a legendary figure; in his flowing bead and immaculate white robes he was truly in the line of the great Rishi of Upnishadic times, and indeed he was truly in the line of the great bearing witness to the triune Reality, seeing the way showing it to others. Kamala’s oeuvre explores a multitude of issues and the choices of themes exhibit her potential to approach the subject with appreciable maturity and good organisation. Tagore neither does nor adheres to the conventional narrative method, nor does he use the principles of organic, consequential plot – structure. The characterization in the novel is a testimony to Kamala’s caliber to etch characters realistically and humorously. His novels also give a graphic description of the daily existence of his characters, their tale of woe, sweat and misery. Their write – ups give a glimpse of the unexplored female psyche, which has no accessibility. The future is at least bilingual, if not multilingual. Curiously, many states in India have attempted to make English the medium of instruction for all schools in an attempt to assuage the demands of … The crusaders of the contemporary and modern era include Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, Vikram Seth and many more. London & New York: Routledge, 2020. He is also the author of a historical novel A Flight of Pigeons, which is based on an episode during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. The last two decades have witnessed phenomenal success in feminist writings of Indian English literature. In his first six novels, Bhattacharya has treated culture with different angles. LIFE AND WORKS OF NISSIM EZEKIEL Considered to be the Father of post independence Indian verse in English, Nissim Ezekiel was a prolific poet, playwright, critic, broadcaster and social commentator. It is a well constructed novel on the classical mode on the theme of hunger and starvation. 1. It reveals the cosmopolitan outlook of the new generation who strives to strike a balance between the inherited traditional values and imbibed foreign culture. Lal Behari Day's Govinda Samanta or the History of a Bengali Raiyat was published in 1874 and the same author's Folk Tales of Bengal: Life's Secret was published in 1912. Indian English literature is two hundred years old. Rao uses his novels to spread the Gandhian message and as propaganda against social evils. Kamala’s ability to depict her social observations comes to the force in A Handful of Rice (1966). From being a singular and exceptional, rather gradual native flare – up of geniuses, Indian Writing has turned out to be a new form of Indian culture and voice in which India converses regularly. Sri Aurobindo envisages spiritual humanism. It is amazing to note that these writers have climbed the ladder of success in a slow and painful way. During the last four decades this bilingual literary movement has included Richard Kostelanetz, John M. Bennett, Don Webb, Sheila Murphy and many others worldwide and their Indian counterparts. Suketu Mehta is another writer currently based in the United States who authored Maximum City (2004), an autobiographical account of his experiences in the city of Mumbai. Indian societies gave priorities to the work of male experiences. The need for an autonomous, independent country lead to an explosion of creativity, which sought to appeal to the masses to take up the cudgels and oust the Britishers from the Indian soil. The sudden spirit of creative writing in the eighties reflects the sense of awareness of the plurality of the nation. "Nine Indian Women Poets", Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1997. We can only write as Indians (…) Our method of expression… will someday prove to be as distinctive and colorful as the Irish or the American. His fiction revolves around the imaginary sleepy South Indian town of Malgudi but expresses an outlook which has universal appeal. In Hemingway style language the author takes the reader into the dreamland of nature and people who are inexorably associated with nature. Indian Writing in English ; A Critical Study Paperback 5.0 out of 5 stars 1 rating. He has a French wife and his association with Savithri brings to the forefront the contemplation of the Feminine Principle and endeavors to correlate the eastern and western views. [citation needed] R. K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao contributed to the growth and popularity of Indian English fiction in the 1930s. Naik says: “Owing to the lack of a firm dramatic tradition nourished on actual performance in a live theatre, early Indian English drama in Bengal, as elsewhere in India, grew sporadically as mostly closet drama; and even later, only Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore and Harindranath Chattopadhyaya produced a substantial corpus of dramatic writing.”. He initiated a trend which cared very less about the continental method of writing novels. In both the books, geography and politics are integral to the narrative. His work as UN official living outside India has given him a vantage point that helps construct an objective Indianness. We've received widespread press coverage since 2003, Your UKEssays purchase is secure and we're rated 4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. According to writer Lakshmi Holmström, "The writers of the 1930s were fortunate because after many years of use, English had become an Indian language used widely and at different levels of society, and therefore they could experiment more boldly and from a more secure position. The novels that belong to this category include Nayantara Saghal’s A Time to be Happy(1952), Khwaja Ahmed Abbas’ Inquilab(1955), R.K.Narayan’s Waiting for the Mahatma(1955) etc. The celebrated contemporary authors are Arundhati Roy, Kiran Desai, and Aravind Adiga who won The Booker Prize. Her daughter Kiran Desai won the 2006 Man Booker Prize for her second novel, The Inheritance of Loss. "[1] Kamala Markandeya is an early writer in IEL who has often grouped with the trinity of R.K. Narayan, Mulk Raj Anand and Raja Rao. Sarojini Naidu (1879 - 1949), the Nightingale of India, is among the most popular and accessible of Indian poets in English. Rabindranath Tagore (1861-1941) is a celebrated name in the sphere of English literature. The greatest merit of his language and style lives in its simplicity. What Sri Aurobindo points out to the philosophers of today is that human life, body and mind are the evolved forms of super mind. Raja Rao’s (1908-2006) reputation as a novelist of metaphysics and philosophy is amply justified by his substantial contribution in upholding these themes in his novels. In the Human cycle, the poet – philosopher offers us a social philosophy of history illuminated by a splendid spiritual vision of future. His work The Serpent and the Rope(1960) abounds with various themes. Apart from these reflections, the writers were able to propagate their point of view, which ultimately helped to motivate and guide the masses. The freedom movement spearheaded by Gandhi inspired a flurry of activity in the literary world. Though the first well known Indian English novelist was R K Narayan, there were many writers who experimented with English fiction and became moderately successful. Vikram Seth is notable both as an accomplished novelist and poet. They established its assumptions; they sketched its main themes, freed the first models of its characters and elaborated its particular logic. Untouchable(1935), Coolie(1936 ), The Village(1939 ), and The Private Life of an Indian Prince(1953) addresses the evils existing in the society in the Marxist terms. Anees Jung in her book Unveiling India states her ideology in the following words: In the complex pantheon of diversities, the Indian woman remains the point of unity unveiling through each single experience a collective unconscious prized by a society that is looked in mortal combat with the power and weakness of age and time. Today women are seen establishing their identity in almost all walks of life and they have heralded a new consciousness in the realm of literature too. We are compelled to say "Indian Writing in English", but we sound ridiculous saying "Indian Writing in Hindi or Bengali". K.S.Venkataramani (1892-1952) is an Indo – Anglian writer of the pre – Independence era brilliantly focuses on the stupendous impact of Mahatma Gandhi in general. ], R. K. Narayan (1906–2001) contributed over many decades and continued to write till his death. Nineteenth Century European Realism 5. There are critics and commentators in England and America who appreciate Indian English novels. [4] Prakalpana fiction is a fusion of prose, poetry, play, essay, and pictures. Their works delve into the hurdles faced by newly independence nation, which at times a harsh depiction of reality. If we dive deep into the works of the Indian stalwarts of English fictions, it is revealed that their works are not an imitation of English literary pattern but highly original and intensely Indian in both theme and spirit. Sanjeev Kumar Solanki, author of A Romance thriller novel, he is from Ludhiana, Punjab India, he is notable both as an accomplished novelist and nonfiction work. So, the novel proved to be an effective medium for the reflection of the spirit of the age, encompassing the bitter and sweet realities of the period. In its early stages, IEL was influenced by the Western novel. Over the years, the world of feminist ideologies began to influence the English literature of India. Jhumpa Lahiri, a Pulitzer prize winner from the U.S., is a writer uncomfortable under the label of IWE. Canada is a testimony to Kamala ’ s literature declined further enhancing the quality quantity... Seed has blossomed into an ever green tree, fragrant flowers and ripe fruits issues like,... 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