Variables from the univariate analysis found to be significant at Twenty-six thousand one hundred thirty-five TTE studies were performed during the selected time period; of these, 265 studies were identified with LVOT VTI < 10 cm; duplicate studies from the same subject (Comparison of subjects meeting primary endpoints (death or LVAD or transplant, A set of predefined variables including age, gender, presence of diabetes, NYHA class, hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, glomerular filtration rate < 60 ml/min, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, ejection fraction, LVOT VTI, and Doppler derived cardiac output were assessed (Table In the multivariate model, all variables in the univariate analysis with Subjects were divided into three groups based on LVOT VTI tertile: lowest tertile (LVOT VTI < 8.1 cm, Because extremely low LVOT VTI was the focus of our investigation, a cut off of <10 cm was used for subject inclusion. The study population was analyzed in cohort design based on subjects meeting the primary endpoint versus event-free subjects. Inter- and intra- observer variability testing for LVOT VTI was performed and validated (intra-class correlation coefficient 0.989-0.997). By using this website, you agree to our Given the retrospective nature of the study, consent was not required by the IRB.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Fellow, Scripps Clinic Cardiology, 10666 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USAChristina Tan, David Rubenson, Ajay Srivastava, Rajeev Mohan, Michael R. Smith, Kristen Billick, Samuel Bardarian & J. Thomas HeywoodYou can also search for this author in As technology advances, manufacturers provide a way to do that with less effort and saving time, particularly with the utilization of the auto-VTIFinally, a common issue for the accurate VTI determination is the presence of arrhythmias, especially atrial fibrillation and frequent extrasystoles, since different filling times result in beat-to-beat VTI variability. Part of Crit Care Nurse 35(1):11–27Nguyen HB, Banta DP, Stewart G, Kim T, Bansal R, Anholm J, Wittlake WA, Corbett SW (2010) Cardiac index measurements by transcutaneous Doppler ultrasound and transthoracic echocardiography in adult and pediatric emergency patients. Am J Crit Care 12:336–342Johnson A, Ahrens T (2015) Stroke volume optimization: the new hemodynamic algorithm. Low cardiac output is a known precursor to overt cardiogenic shock, multi-organ dysfunction and death [As numerous therapies emerge that increase cardiac output for patients with advanced heart failure [Accurate determination of LVOT VTI assumes laminar flow and is affected by LVOT abnormalities such as severe aortic regurgitation, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet, and subaortic stenosis; subjects with these diagnoses were excluded in our study as LVOT VTI is not an accurate predictor of forward cardiac flow in these settings [Our study was designed as a novel proof-of-concept study, no prior study to our knowledge at the time of this writing has examined the relationship between extremely low LVOT VTI and outcomes in advanced heart failure. Therefore, the LVOT VTI aids in monitoring the SV without the need to calculate the LVOT CSA; the minute distance (i.e., SV × HR) aids in monitoring the CO. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 28(1):40–56Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, Beale R, Bakker J, Hofer C, Jaeschke R, Mebazaa A, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL, Vincent JL, Rhodes A (2014) Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. 1983;67:593–602.Nishimura RA, et al. Search Eur Heart J. The author read and approved the final manuscript.All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Blanco, P. Rationale for using the velocity–time integral and the minute distance for assessing the stroke volume and cardiac output in point-of-care settings. PLoS ONE 14(10):e0222105Villavicencio C, Leache J, Marin J, Oliva I, Rodriguez A, Bodí M, Soni NJ (2019) Basic critical care echocardiography training of intensivists allows reproducible and reliable measurements of cardiac output.
Intensive Care Med 42(8):1223–1233Staer-Jensen H, Sunde K, Nakstad ER, Eritsland J, Andersen GØ (2018) Comparison of three haemodynamic monitoring methods in comatose post cardiac arrest patients. Our findings demonstrate that extremely diminished LVOT VTI was robustly associated with the combination of 12-month death and LVAD implantation.